Levelized cost of electricity
analysis for H2 2015 shows onshore wind to be fully competitive against
gas and coal in some parts of the world, while solar is closing the gap.
Earlier this month Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) announced
findings that the LCOE for wind and solar is now cheaper than coal and
gas in Europe. Further the organization said that it is actually the
renewables that are pushing up the LCOE of gas and coal. Because the
BNEF analysis is so deep and complex — it uses thousands of data points
the company says — the press release that it issued was hard to
understand. Here we take a deeper look at the process involved in
comparing energy generation technologies to determine exactly why
renewables will continue to push out fossils for the foreseeable future.
First, what is LCOE?
Short for levelized cost of electricity, LCOE takes all of the factors
into producing a megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity into play. This
includes everything from the cost of equipment, labor, permits, etc. to
build the plants; the cost of fuel to run them; the cost of operations
and maintenance over the lifetime of the plant; and the cost of capital
to pay for everything mentioned above. All of these costs, which BNEF
derived based on actual deals and projects
around the world, were tallied and then divided by the amount of energy
the plants will produce (which depends very much on capacity factor)
over their lifetime to arrive at a final cost for each and every MWh of
electricity that will be produced by the power plant.
It’s a very useful metric for comparing generation technologies in an
apple-to-apples format. But what will be most fascinating to energy
stakeholders is that renewables are now inching out fossils in some
regions of the world.
Why different regions? The cost of building, operating, maintaining
and fueling a coal plant in China will not be the same as building,
operating, maintaining and fueling one in, for example, Europe.
Similarly, the output of an onshore wind farm in a location where the
wind never stops blowing will be different that the output of a wind
farm in a location where the wind picks up and then dies down frequently
over the course of a year.
This is why LCOE is useful – because while in a wind farm, the fuel
is free, the output is much less than a coal plant, which could
theoretically run 90 percent of the time (this is called its capacity
factor or utilization rate). But what happens to that coal plant’s
capacity factor is greatly affected by the amount of other generation
available to send power to the grid. So, as more wind energy is
available because there are more wind farms built, the capacity factor
of that coal plant goes down: now instead of running 90 percent of the
time, it runs maybe 75 percent of the time, which then pushes up its
LCOE.
While we were not able to get our hands on a publishable chart before
press time, a deeper look at the BNEF analysis shows not only that the
LCOE for wind and solar is beating coal and natural gas in some regions
of the world, but that other renewable technologies such as geothermal,
biomass incineration and small hydro also have very low LCOEs and in
many regions are cost competitive or cheaper than fossil or nuclear
energy.
More Numbers
To get down to the nitty-gritty, specifically, the global average
LCOE for onshore wind dropped from $85 per megawatt-hour in the first
half of the year, to $83 in H2, while that for crystalline silicon PV
solar fell from $129 to $122.
In the same period, the LCOE for coal-fired generation increased from
$66 per MWh to $75 in the Americas, from $68 to $73 in Asia-Pacific,
and from $82 to $105 in Europe. The LCOE for combined-cycle gas turbine
generation rose from $76 to $82 in the Americas, from $85 to $93 in
Asia-Pacific and from $103 to $118 in EMEA.
Seb Henbest, head of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Bloomberg New
Energy Finance, commented: “Our report shows wind and solar power
continuing to get cheaper in 2015, helped by cheaper technology but also
by lower finance costs. Meanwhile, coal and gas have got more expensive
on the back of lower utilization rates, and in Europe, higher carbon
price assumptions following passage of the Market Stability Reserve
reform.”
Among other low-carbon energy technologies, offshore wind reduced its
global average LCOE from $176 per MWh, to $174, but still remains
significantly more expensive than wind, solar PV, coal or gas, while
biomass incineration saw its levelized cost stay steady at $134 per MWh.
Nuclear, like coal and gas, has very different LCOE levels from one
region of the world to another, but both the Americas and the Europe,
Middle East and Africa region saw increases in levelized costs, to $261
and $158 per MWh respectively.
Among the country-level findings of the BNEF study are that onshore wind
is now fully cost-competitive with both gas-fired and coal-fired
generation, once carbon costs are taken into account, in the UK and
Germany. In the UK, onshore wind comes in on average at $85 per MWh in
the second half of 2015, compared to $115 for combined-cycle gas and
$115 for coal-fired power; in Germany, onshore wind is at $80, compared
to $118 for gas and $106 for coal.
In China, onshore wind is cheaper than gas-fired power, at $77 per
MWh versus $113, but it is much more expensive still than coal-generated
electricity, at $44, while solar PV power is at $109. In the US, coal
and gas are still cheaper, at $65 per MWh, against onshore wind at $80
and PV at $107.
Luke Mills, analyst, energy economics at Bloomberg New Energy
Finance, said: “Generating costs continue to vary greatly from region to
region, reflecting influences such as the shale gas boom in the U.S.,
changing utilization rates in areas of high renewables penetration, the
shortage of local gas production in East Asia, carbon prices in Europe,
differing regulations on nuclear power across the world, and contrasting
resources for solar generation.
“But onshore wind and solar PV are both now much more competitive
against the established generation technologies than would have seemed
possible only five or 10 years ago.”
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